Securing America and Protecting Civil Liberties Essay

Securing America and Protecting Civil Liberties - Essay Example The paper will shed light on the dynamics of civil liberties and the increasing security level that America needs to fulfill their duty to the nation. In a state of frenzy and panic the Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, six weeks after the 9/11 attack. This was a revision of the nation’s surveillance laws that allowed government further authority to spy on its own citizens. This was also an opportunity for the Congress to install the previously declined laws. The Act nevertheless violates the Constitution in many ways such as the First and Fourth Amendment. The First amendment promises free speech whereas the Fourth says that the government has no right to conduct a search neither without warranty nor without proving that a particular person is accused or responsible for committing a crime. The Act infringed upon the first amendment by allowing the FBI to investigate the American citizens and the fourth amendment, by failing to notify the person whose privacy is being invad ed without a pledge. Agencies and organizations that are responsible for security in America include â€Å"Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the National Security Agency (NSA), the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the National Geospatial-Imagery Agency (NGA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the State Department (INR), the intelligence elements of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the military services and the Energy Department, and the Office of Intelligence and Analysis of the Treasury Department, the Office of Intelligence and Analysis and the Coast Guard in DHS† (Best, 2010). In addition to these, which already hold sophisticate and high protocol, The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) was created â€Å"to analyze and integrate all intelligence possessed or acquired by any Federal agency† that were related to international terror acts. This appears to be USA in a state of paranoia but it took all measures possible to provide high security to its citizens who did not hesitate immediately after the September attack (Best, 2010). Civil liberties bear an ordinary and remote existence in everyday experiences. But in certain contexts the issue of civil liberties might have a direct impact on peoples’ freedom and sanctuary. Davis believed that â€Å"The competing issues in the civil liberties vs. security trade-off are thus fundamental to the very idea of democracy as reflected in the Bill of Rights: that citizens should be protected from the government. Because it is the government’s actions that may clash with individual rights, we expect popular perceptions of government— trust in government, as well as patriotism—to play an important role in determining people’s willingness to trade off civil liberties for security.† (Davis, 2004) The government still struggles with the idea of civil liberty an d security because there is a chance of impeachment of one over the other. Clokie argues that the bill of rights needs to be closely analyzed before being misconceived. According to him it is an old remedy brought into practice because it takes a slink into the â€Å"past disappointments† (Clokie, 1947). America would go as far as torturing the truth out of the victim even if it takes his life. The violation of the amendments

Wool Trade Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wool Trade - Research Proposal Example A need for food imports to a certain extent was the consequence of this practice.2 The industrial revolution is generally viewed as a continuous, self-sustaining process of economic growth with the presence of production and consumption.3 However, there is evidence leading to the point that standards of food consumption of the rural poor has deteriorated to a predominantly bread and cheese diet since the enclosure system took away their pasturage and land.4 The occurrence of the Industrial Revolution created an impact contrary to that of agrarian revolution. The industrial Revolution opened the doors for enterprise and industry in which the Enclosure removed the opportunity of the small man.5 Before the eminence of wool trade, most European countries made cloth for domestic consumption although certain areas produced looms and dyeshops which found a market al over Europe and the Near East.6 With all these scenarios, certain forms of agrarian organizations detached themselves from the general picture and continued on with the traditional feudal setting. The medieval village continued to be self-sufficing despite the economic transformation of the social system and produced the bulk of food.7 It was England which was the largest and most imp... This paper aims to look at how the First Enclosure act influenced the industrial revolution of the 19th century which led to an industry that led to progress. Statement of the Problem This study seeks to determine how the First Enclosure act influenced the industrial revolution of the 19th century which led to an industry that led to progress. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What are the factors that led to the progress of the wool trade in the 19th century 2. How did the wool trade sustain the transformation of the mode of production from self-subsistence to capitalist production 3. How did the first enclosure act safeguard the emergence of the industrial revolution of the 19th century Significance of the Study This study is significant to a number of persons within the same domain as its theme, such as students and future researchers. For the students, it can help them further understand the relevance of the wool trade in relation to the bourgeoning of the present trade liberalization policies and practices. For future researchers, this study can serve as a secondary material in their furtherance of a research on the similar subject. Members of the academe can benefit from this study by making it a reference material on related subjects. Conceptual Paradigm The conceptual paradigm of this study operates in the illustration below: Research Methods The methods to be employed in this research are descriptive-qualitative method, historical analysis, and case studies. As a qualitative research, the study is concerned with process rater than outcomes or products.9 As a historical research, the historical analysis to be employed is based on the systematic collection and evaluation of data related to past occurrences in

Sun Zi Art Of War And The Organization Marketing Essay

Sun Zi Art Of War And The Organization Marketing Essay Sun Zis famous Chinese literature is  The Art of War,  the oldest existing military piece in the world and often considered as the best one. This book has age of over 2400 years old and proves that the tactics use for successful warfare and have not changed over time. It is a rather short book of approximately 6000 Chinese characters that covered the principles of human behavior and rules of conduct for military leaders. It is divided into thirteen chapters, with each chapter treating a different topic, such as attacking with fire, the nine battlegrounds and so on. The Art of War  has been practiced for thousands of years by the Chinese and it will continue to be. This book has widely influenced on Chinese and Japanese military for many years. For example, it was the source for Mao Tse-tungs strategies and tactics on rural of China. After that, The Art of War  has been popular in the West as well the in the early twentieth century due to the translation of English version. Until now, the strategies and principles are using widely in business worldwide as well. The main idea of  The Art of War  is effective military strategy. Sun Zi emphasizes the importance of understanding the current situation before engaging in warfare. The tactics that he used vary on every war. He thought that the result of the war will be either the survival or the destruction of the nation. Every step must be well designed and all depend on the advantages of the citizens. All warfare is based on the belief that to be victorious you must thoroughly know yourself and your enemy, deception, adaption of the current conditions, the leadership of the general and uses of spies. Although specific wartime situations are sometimes mentioned in the book, they are treated generally. For example, Sun Zi discusses tactics to win the war rather than the history of him in winning the war. This is how The Art of War  usable in many different situations. 1. 2 INTRODUCTION OF TOSHIBA COMPANY Toshiba Corporation is one of Japans oldest and largest producers of consumer and industrial electric products. The company also ranks as the worlds largest manufacturer of DRAM (dynamic random access memory) computer chips. Toshiba, a family of over 200 consolidated and affiliated businesses, is one of Japans second-tier  keiretsu  or conglomerates. These corporate groups are linked through history and tradition, as well as cross-shareholdings, interlocking directorates, and personal contacts. With a history that dates back to the nineteenth century and a product line that extends from semiconductors to nuclear power plants, Toshiba has played an active role in Japans rise to the forefront of international business. Toshiba was formed through the 1939 union of two manufacturers of electrical equipment, Shibaura Seisakusho Works and Tokyo Electric Company, Ltd. While Toshiba Malaysia was founded on 19 April 1977, it gives us high quality of audio visual and home appliances products. The audio visual products include LCD TVs, plasma TVs, colour CRT TVs, DVD players and HD-DVD players while the home appliances products include refrigerators, washing machines, rice cookers and electric pots. Toshiba Malaysia provides us with the leading technologically innovative products such as Meta Brain Pro technology. At the meantime, they provide us product with excellence functionality, reliability, durability and environmentally friendly features as outlined in their basic commitment, Committed to People, Committed to the Future. In year 2006, Toshiba was awarded Gold Award by Reader Digest Malaysia for being the trusted brand in 2 categories, LCD TVs and washing machines. Rapid economic growth in developing countries and sluggish growth in the developed world have led to major changes in economic and industrial paradigms in the 21st century. To succeed in crowded global competition transcending national borders, Toshiba continues to focus on restructuring businesses to reinforce their earnings base while seeking to transform its overall business structure by targeting growth sectors and emerging businesses. The aim is to become an even stronger global contender by pursuing the concentration and selection approach while creating world-first and world No. 1 products and services that are cost-competitive and captivate customers. 2. CONTENTS 2. 1 CHAPTER 3: STRATEGIC ATTACKS From Chapter 3 in Sun Zis Art of War, Sun Zi stated that He who knows the other side (the enemy) and knows himself will not be defeated in a hundred battles. Organization should know their strength and focus on their strength in order to win in the competition. At the same time, they should try to exploit competitors weakness and strength. Some principle must keep in mind are to yield the enemy does not use hard attack and to conquer other country does not use prolonged strategy. The principle to win in the battle is based on well-planned strategies and the understanding of our enemy. By direct attack on competitors weakness, it helps the organization to win the battle without causing injuries. For example, Malaysia Airlines ticket is pricy and this becomes a weakness for them. Air Asia uses this weakness and provides low fare to people. As a result, Air Asia is able to attract lots of people to purchase their ticket instead of Malaysia Airline. Besides, Air Asia also promotes a 10 cent Air Fare to compete Malaysia Airlines low fare promotion. In competitive market, every organization is facing uncertainty that nobody will always be a win ner. They need to stay flexible to creates a better life cycle. Capturing an entire section intact is a better strategy; destroying it is a weaker option. The above statement by Sun Zi, means that before entering to a new market, local culture need to be understand first. The customer needs then need to be analyzed. These two factors are crucial success factors for organization. Meanwhile, the origin elements are maintained there. Besides, organization need to know own core value in the market so that they can enter the market successfully. For example, KFC which is the largest fast-food chain in Malaysia and Brunei, serving world famous Original Recipe fried chicken which contains secret blend of 11 herbs and spices. Apart from serving finger-licking good food, KFC continuously aim for high quality and are committed to ensure food safety by stringent control to maintain our standards. Sun Zi said He who is able to unite himself with his officers and men as one mind, spirit and purpose will win. The above statement is one of the ways to predict victories. This simply means that the company and all its employees need to be united in order to achieve their mission and vision. For example, Coca-cola company, which is the worlds largest beverage company and also the No.1 provider of sparkling beverages, ready-to-drink coffees, and juices. With an enduring environment to building sustainable communities, Coca Cola is focused on initiatives that reduce our environmental footprint, create a safe, inclusive work environment for their associates and enhance the economic development of the communities. The Coca-Cola Company is committed to upholding fundamental principles of international human and workplace rights everywhere they do business. 2. 2 CHAPTER 4: DISPOSITION OF THE ARMY Throughout our research and findings, there are some theories from Chapter 4 in Sun Zis Art of War are applied by different organizations. Hence the concept like the need to build an invincible defense as a deterrent against any overly ambitious enemy is related in business strategies. Sun Zi said: In ancient times, those who were skilful in warfare ensured that they would not be defeated and when waited for opportunities to defect the enemy. The statement above which applied in business world simply means that to enhance our strength and be able to change and adapt to changing market nowadays. This is especially for the leader or top management who must have a prediction on future market trend so that organization can grow and control the market only if the implementation is in the right timing. Future development and improvement are the most important elements to let organization grow. For example, Apple Inc which has launched a few products in the market such as i-Phone, i-Pod and i-Pad. Apple Inc did very well in enhancing their strength in the market which not just following the market trend, Apple Inc creating the trend which brings growth and profit to the organization. Those who are skilful in warfare can ensure that they will not be defeated by the enemy, but will not be able to ensure victory over the enemy. In business application, all products have their own life cycle. Moreover, creative, innovative and continuous improvement enable origin product to continue its life span and sales. This indicates that old products will eventually be replaced. A firm must do some innovative changes on existing product to extend the product life cycle and increase number of customers. McDonalds did this by keep updating its menu. After a certain period, it will come out with new products and this attracts existing and new consumers too. The seasonal products such as Prosperity Burger that introduced during Chinese New Year only and Grilled Chicken Burger (GCB) that sold for limited period were the innovations of McDonalds. As stated by Sun Zi, Those who cannot win must defend; those who can win must attack. Defend when ones forces are inadequate; attack when ones forces are abundant. This stresses on the importance in taking initiative to prepare ourselves in battles. Those who cannot win must prepare their defense while those who are capable of winning must strike first. In this case, Digi has to come out with various pricing strategy to compete with the other telecommunication companies included Celcom and Maxis. Thus Digi came out with price strategies in which new plans such as the latest Easy plan that allow users to send SMS and make free calls to three of his or her friends which make Digi Easy plan more attractive compare to other telecommunication companies. Hence, Digi will be able to compete and gain their market whenever a telecommunication company provides a lower rate services. 2. 3 CHAPTER 7: MILITARY MANOEUVRES Sun Zi states that An army without sufficient food and grain will die. This quotation in business perspective means that profit as a food and grain which is the most important for the organization to survive. If an organization cannot obtain good profit and income, it will be difficult to survive in the market for long period of time. Since the capital is the basic condition to start a business, the organizer should be ensured that the financial rolling is sufficient in order to operate their business and to use in urgent moment. If the organizer doesnt have the sufficient back up of capital to support the business, the organization may face bankruptcy situation or merge with other organization. For example, Lehman Brothers Holdings was a global financial services firm and was the fourth largest investment bank in the USA before declaring bankruptcy in 2008. The businesses of the organization included investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales and trading, investment management, private equity and private banking. However, the organization went b ankrupt in 2008 due to the subprime mortgage crisis. In addition, malfeasance and short-selling allegations also cause the organization went bankrupt. The organization already had the financial problem initially but the addition problems have happened one after another. Eventually, the organization did not have sufficient capital to cover the problems. Hence, the organization forced to declare bankruptcy in 2008 and some businesses of the organization forced to sell to other organizations such as Barclays. In summary, money is the most important property for the organization to operate, maintain the business and help to cover some financial problems sometimes. 3. DISCUSSIONS 3. 1 CHAPTHER 1: DETIALED ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING Sun Zi said: The conduct of war is a matter of vital importance to the nation. It is a matter of life and death to the country, the people and the ruler. It is a road either to prosperity or to being destroyed. Therefore, it is a subject which must not be neglected. Initial planning and assessment are essential. There are five constant factors to consider, namely, moral influence, the weather, terrain, generalship and doctrine and law. Compare with those of the enemy. Then one will get a clearer view of the situation and assess ones chances of victory. Moral influence means policies which will make the people fiercely loyal to the ruler. They will follow him even to death. Weather refers to the contrasting changes of day and night and the four seasons of the battleground. Terrain assesses the route and its condition whether it is far, dangerous with open ground or with narrow passes. The ground can determine defeat or victory. Generalship of a commander refers to his qualities of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and discipline. Doctrine and law refer to army organization and control. This is to ensure that roads are maintained in order that supplies may reach the army and military expenditure is controlled. There are also seven other considerations to compare with the enemy. This can determine the outcome of the war .They are (1) the moral influence of the ruler over his subjects (2) the capability of the generals (3) better ability to take advantage of weather and terrain (4) who has better effective and efficient execution of orders (5) whose army is better equipped and larger (6) the training level of the army (7) the administration of rewards and punishment. The final strategy is to pretend in order to deceive the enemy. Attack when he is least prepared. Plan well before attacking. If the odds are highly against you, wait for another time. Similarly in business, in order to succeed, the company has to consider the following factors (1) the ability of the employer to motivate everyone to work towards the companys goals (2) the capabilities of the managers to lead the team (3) the ability to adapt to government regulations and market conditions (4) whether the business systems of the company can be improved so that there will be increased efficiency (5) the technology available to the staff in order to improve productivity (6)the training given to staff and their level of skills acquired (7) the administration of rewards and punishment. 3. 2 CHAPTER 5: FORCES When forces are concentrated to attack the enemy, it must be like solid stones hurled against eggs. This quotation is applying the principle of using strengths to strike weaknesses. Firstly, creative and innovation is one of the important principles to compete with competitors in the same market. For instance, there are many challenge and competitive in the market of electronic devices such as Toshiba, Sony, Mitsubishi and so on. However, Toshiba is more innovative and spend more time in research and develop the technologies. As a result, a lot of new technologies that were the first in the world or the first in Japan such as the first Japanese word processor, the first 3D LCD TV which not requiring dedicated glasses in the world, etc. Secondly, the organization should change their form, culture, structure, product base or others when there are any changes happen. For instance, Toshiba pioneered the development of electrical equipment in Japan. However, the organization entered new fields which are medical equipment and radio devices when the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 happened. Many employees of the organization were lost in this earthquake. Therefore, the vice-president of the organization decided to start new field. Thirdly, changes have to follow the trend. If an organization can create the trend, the possibility to win will be high. For example, more and more multimedia such as movie requires 3D effect nowadays. Hence, Toshiba invents the first 3D LCD TV which not requiring dedicated glasses in the world. Other competitors such as Sony also manufacture the 3D LCD TV to occupy the market. In summary, Toshiba creates the trend of 3D LCD TV and win the market due to the requiring dedicated glasses would not be worn. Lastly, the organizations have to analyze their strength and weaknesses all the time when compete with others. For instance, Toshiba has established the corporate research and development center to improve production technology maintain high qualities and creates new products. The corporate research and development center can analyze the strength and weaknesses of the organization in order to manufacture higher quality products and hence the products of the organization can be competed with other organizations in the intense market. As a result, higher profits can be obtained by the organization. 3. 3 CHAPTHER 6: WEAKNESSES AND STRENGTHS Toshiba applied the many theories from Sun Zis Art of War in implementing and deploying its business strategies which similar to our business world today. Our business world today is in a changing environment. Sun Zis Art of War helps the organization adapts in uncertainty and changing environment. Therefore, we have identified few theories from Sun Zis Art of War that can be applied by Toshiba into their business. Firstly, in Chapter 6 of the Art of War, Sun Zi provides some very interesting and fascinating concepts that are relevant in business world. For example, concepts like first mover advantage, to dictate rather than be dictated, to achieve relative superiority, to be flexible and to manage change and uncertainty. In addition, Sun Zi also explains how your opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of your competitors in a given area. Sun Zi said: Those who arrive first at the battleground will have sufficient time to rest and prepare against the enemy and Those who arrive late at the battleground will have to rush into battle when they are already exhausted. According to the quotation above, Sun Zi has pointed out the meaning of early bird get the first worm. In business world, it can be meant by it is better to be first than it is to be better. In current market, there is no more battle for the product but the perceptions of product. Besides, the timing of launching a product is important. By being the first to enter the market a product or service, a firm may need to capture greatest market share. Toshiba created the first mover category when its company produced Japans first electric fan, refrigerators, washing machines, electric vacuum cleaner and electric rice cookers. This allows Toshiba to strengthen their position in this market and handle the competitions from rivals after that. Being the worlds 9th largest integrated manufacturer of electric and electronic equipment, Toshiba already have support from their loyal customers and they are already well known when their rival enter this market. Superiority or strength in number means that enemy will have to prepare against you. This statement stated by Sun Zi means that by having large forces or allies working together with us, our enemy will have fear. In business world, the more partners we have in the business means that the more stable we are in the marketplace. Hence, our competitors will have to prepare a lot of strategies in order to defeat us or to replace our place in the market. Therefore, it is always better to form partners with other company into becoming partner and not afraid in competing with completers in business world. So, it is clear that why Yahoo announced a brand new partnership with  Toshiba  to feature Yahoo Connected TV on several models of Toshibas latest 46-55 HDTVs. This is because with Toshiba, users can enjoy Yahoo Connected TV on TVs. Sun Zi said: Thus, the expert in offence attacks places where the enemy does not know how to defend. and The expert in defence protects places where the enemy does not know how to attack. In business world, we always set for highly innovation to create the marketing advantages. We just continue produce products which are strengthen and will gain profit in the market, but have to do some innovation or improvement on it in order to enhance its position in the market. For low profile products, we may make some changes and let it enter a new market but must in a niche market. Hence the concept we should keep in mind is that we should understand very well about our competitors product strength and weakness so that we can attack accordingly to survive in competitive business world. As well as developing pioneering technology for its own products, Toshiba invented the DVD, the TFT screen and the lithium ion battery in addition to designing the graphics processor for the Sony Playstation II.  The launch of the Qosmio series in 2004 saw Toshiba demonstrating once again its position as a market innovator. Toshiba embraced the market for digitally converged products for home a nd personal entertainment, by launching the first notebook to offer instant-on TV/DVD functionality.   4. RECOMMENDATIONS Toshiba as nations one of the leading companies in manufacturer of computer and accessories, electrical appliances, electrics and electronics held the responsibility to continuously serve the customers and cater their needs and demands that grows over a period of time. This is necessary for Toshiba to emerge as the top manufacturer in the country and to outlast many competitors in the market. The quality exist should not limit to the products produced but must extend to the services provided. Such practicing will ensure Toshiba is recognized being capable of inventing valued products and offering the best services which others yet to make available. Therefore, to achieve such objective in the future, Toshiba needs to make consideration on the issue that required some improvement where necessary. The following are few suggestions which Toshiba can implement. To start with, Toshiba might introduce a detailed job assessment and evaluation. The evaluation must comprise in term of product manufacture and services. Sun Zi said: To manage a large force is similar to managing a small force. It is a matter of organization and structure. A group consist of a leader and few members can be assigned to the departments exist in the company to assess the employees performances. The team should not only scout on the way they carry out their job but at the same time, list the problems and challenges that the employees encounter while performing their job. If the trouble discovered is with the working environment, equipment or system, then the team should report to the unit responsible to solve the issue raised to the ground. However, if the problem is rise from the employee itself, whether the particular employee is lack of skills and training or is not competence enough for the job, then a replacement or further training is necessary. Through this approach, the company is able to deal any management issues effectively in relatively shorter time. One of the important aspects of business is the customer. As manufacture of electrical related goods, Toshibas job does not end at point of selling the products to the customer, but the real job begins when customer need the assistants of the manufacturer. So, to shorten the gap between the customer and the manufacturer, Toshiba probably can organize a session with customers in many regions yet more frequently. This session is expected to take place in any events such as electrical fair, PC fair or independently organized Toshiba fair. This session is aimed to listen to the customers complaints, products reviews, expectations, suggestions and feedbacks. This creates a better understanding between the customer and the company, the appointed staff able to hear from the customer itself, which later can be redirected to the company for better outcome. According to Sun Zi, An army without sufficient stockpiles and reserves will not survive. The organization culture is also an asset or a weapon to compete in the market. Customers always TRUST the big company which have good reputation and corporate culture. Advertising is very crucial for the information and the message to reach the intended customers. In Sun Zis Art of War, Communicating ground refers to markets that are equally accessible to both of you and your competitor. There are no natural barriers to entry and it is not difficult to get the consumers attention as they are not committed to any one product. Therefore, definite advertising strategies are needed to market the goods or the services. Toshiba may have utilized all known methods to publicize, from pamphlets to online advertisements but that does not guarantees the information has reached to and comprehends by everyone. So to maximize the spread of the info, the company may come up with advertisement in different languages, widely from printed materials to online sources. Those who are unaware of Toshibas products and services will now have a brief news and latest update about the company. Those who are skillful in warfare can ensure that they will not be defeated by the enemy, but will not be able to ensure victory over the enemy. This is Sun Zis quote from the Sun Zis Art of War which simply means those who understand and recognize their own as well as their competitors strength and weakness will not suffer a lost or bankruptcy. Once any feedback from customers is received, the company can review it to find out any flaws or weakness in their products or services right away. Once the defect is indentified, immediate action must exercise to tackle the issue. Next, improving on own weakness is not sufficient to stay longer in the market but identify others flaw and work on it, will secure a stable position on the long run. If Toshiba is the first to solve the flaw in other competitors product in term of structure, design, capability and function, then Toshiba will be noticed and become word of mouth that indirectly advertise Toshiba. 5. CONCLUSION This assignment helps us to emphasize on application of The Art of War in today business war. The studies of Sun Zi have proved to be useful until today since many companies applied the theories from the Sun Zi Art of War in their management. For instance, different strategies can be used by the company to beat their competitors in the niche market. Sun Zi Art of war is important because it helps organization to adapt in changing and we need to be flexible to changes in order to survive. Besides, we have to take suitable actions so that we can adapt the environment because inappropriate actions can lead us to failure. Through this assignment, there are several key success factors of Toshiba Company. First of all, innovative of Toshiba invented wide range of products such electrical applicants, computers, TV and more that win the customers long term supports. As Toshiba scope of services and products can offer many varieties so they are able to dominate different ventures in the market. Also, Toshiba are leading the market for years because of good management skill and strong structure of the company. Well communication between the top level management and lower manage including the first line staff enable them to be clear about their missions and visions of the company. This will stimulate passionate behavior of the staffs in their working life. Furthermore, the quality of the products is also one of the key factors of success in Toshiba Company. Toshiba has invested resources on research and development that gives improvement on their current products and technologies accordingly. So, Toshiba could not be easily attacked by competitors and always ahead of them. Committed to People, Committed to the Future, is one of the slogan of the company. This shows that they emphasize on the services to the customer which meet the customer needs. As a conclusion, Toshiba is one of the leading manufacturers in Malaysia. They offer variety of high technology of products to satisfy customers need in a more convenient way. Moreover, Toshiba Company implements Sun Zi Art of War strategies to make its management more effective and efficient. Thus, Sun Zi Art of War is very useful in todays business world to success.

The Annual Cycle of Eudyptula Minor, Its Phases and Major Effects :: Penugins Animals Wildlife Essays Expository

The Annual Cycle of Eudyptula Minor, Its Phases and Major Effects Abstract The Eudyptula minor, the smallest member of the penguin family, is an indigenous species of Australia, located on the southeastern coast. Little penguins follow an annual energetics cycle. The Little penguins go through periods of fasting which occur while incubating and molting. During the rest of the year, E. minor forage for numerous fish types. Foraging behavior relies on the aerobic diving limit as well as the amount of sunlight present. Fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans provide all the nutrients E. minor needs although one species might not be enough. Some prey types fulfill only partial daily requirements of the Little penguin’s diet. Introduction Australia is home to a numerous variety of flightless birds like emus and cassowaries. A unique member of the penguin family, Eudyptula minor can be found on the southeastern coast of Australia. The locals have given these penguins numerous names such as: Little penguin, Little Blue penguin, Blue penguin, and Fairy penguin. Unlike their arctic cousins, E. minor have adapted to a much warmer climate. The Little penguins have maintained the penguin species’ exceptional swimming abilities, and are able to stay out to sea for great periods of time. While out to sea the Little penguins must eat almost constantly to keep up their energy in order to maintain metabolism and energy levels. On shore during times of molting and egg incubation, the penguins can fast for many days. Little penguins have an annual energetics cycle that is affected by seasonal changes and during times of fasting and re-feeding. E. minor has a preferred choice of food and using information taken from s tudying captive Little penguins’ nutritional requirements can be determined. Life History The smallest member of the penguin family, the Little penguin at adulthood stands at 35 cm tall and weighs between 1-1.5 kg. As the alternative name Blue penguin indicates, adult E. minor have blue feathers on its dorsal side and white feathers on its ventral side. Females lay two eggs in a nest burrowed into a rocky shore or in dense vegetation. Many nests are now being made by scientists so that the threat of predators as well as other unfortunate circumstances that would cause an early death to the chicks or to the parents is reduced (Dann et al. The Annual Cycle of Eudyptula Minor, Its Phases and Major Effects :: Penugins Animals Wildlife Essays Expository The Annual Cycle of Eudyptula Minor, Its Phases and Major Effects Abstract The Eudyptula minor, the smallest member of the penguin family, is an indigenous species of Australia, located on the southeastern coast. Little penguins follow an annual energetics cycle. The Little penguins go through periods of fasting which occur while incubating and molting. During the rest of the year, E. minor forage for numerous fish types. Foraging behavior relies on the aerobic diving limit as well as the amount of sunlight present. Fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans provide all the nutrients E. minor needs although one species might not be enough. Some prey types fulfill only partial daily requirements of the Little penguin’s diet. Introduction Australia is home to a numerous variety of flightless birds like emus and cassowaries. A unique member of the penguin family, Eudyptula minor can be found on the southeastern coast of Australia. The locals have given these penguins numerous names such as: Little penguin, Little Blue penguin, Blue penguin, and Fairy penguin. Unlike their arctic cousins, E. minor have adapted to a much warmer climate. The Little penguins have maintained the penguin species’ exceptional swimming abilities, and are able to stay out to sea for great periods of time. While out to sea the Little penguins must eat almost constantly to keep up their energy in order to maintain metabolism and energy levels. On shore during times of molting and egg incubation, the penguins can fast for many days. Little penguins have an annual energetics cycle that is affected by seasonal changes and during times of fasting and re-feeding. E. minor has a preferred choice of food and using information taken from s tudying captive Little penguins’ nutritional requirements can be determined. Life History The smallest member of the penguin family, the Little penguin at adulthood stands at 35 cm tall and weighs between 1-1.5 kg. As the alternative name Blue penguin indicates, adult E. minor have blue feathers on its dorsal side and white feathers on its ventral side. Females lay two eggs in a nest burrowed into a rocky shore or in dense vegetation. Many nests are now being made by scientists so that the threat of predators as well as other unfortunate circumstances that would cause an early death to the chicks or to the parents is reduced (Dann et al.

Fact Sheet on Effects of Marijuana on the Body

MEMORY/PERCEPTION/BEHAVIOR 1. Attention, memory and learning are impaired among heavy marijuana users, even after users discontinued its use for at least 24 hours. Heavy marijuana use is associated with residual neuropsychological effects even after a day of supervised abstinence from the drug. Heavy users displayed significantly greater impairment than light users on attention/executive functions, as evidenced particularly by greater preservations on card sorting and reduced learning of word lists.These differences remained after controlling for potential confounding variables, such as estimated levels of premorbid cognitive functioning, and for use of alcohol and other substances in the two groups. However, the question remains open as to whether this impairment is due to a residue of drug in the brain, a withdrawal effect from the drug, or a frank neurotoxic effect of the drug. (â€Å"The Residual Cognitive Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use in College Students,† Pope, HG Jr. , Yurgelun-Todd, D. , Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, JAMA February 21, 1996. 2. Impaired memory for recent events, difficulty concentrating, dreamlike states, impaired motor coordination, impaired driving and other psychomotor skills, slowed reaction time, impaired goal-directed mental activity, and altered peripheral vision are common associated effects. (Adams and Martin 1996; Fehr and Kalant 1983; Hollister 1988a; Institute of Medicine 1982; Tart 1971) 3. A roadside study of reckless drivers who were not impaired by alcohol, showed that 45% of these drivers tested positive for marijuana. Dr. Dan Brookoff, published in the New England Journal of Medicine) 4. Marijuana smoking affects the brain and leads to impaired short-term memory, perception, judgment and motor skills. (Marijuana Facts: Parents Need to Know, National Institute on Drug Abuse ) 5. In a survey of 150 marijuana using students, 59% surveyed report they sometimes forget what a conversa tion is about before it has ended. 41% report if they read while stoned they remembered less of what they had read hours later. (Dr.Richard Schwartz, Vienna Pediatric Associates in Psychiatric Annals as reported in NIDA Capsules) NEUROBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 6. Marijuana activates the same pleasure centers in the brain that are targeted by heroin, cocaine and alcohol. (Dr. Gaetano Di Chiara, University of Caligari, Italy) CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS 7. Physiological effects of marijuana include an alteration of heart rate. Use of marijuana may result in intense anxiety, panic attacks or paranoia. (National Institute of Drug Abuse) CHRONIC EFFECTS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EFFECTS . The daily use of 1 to 3 marijuana joints appears to produce approximately the same lung damage and potential cancer risk as smoking 5 times as many cigarettes. (UCLA) The study results suggest that the way smokers inhale marijuana, in addition to its chemical composition, increases the adverse physical effects. The same l ung cancer risks associated with tobacco also apply to marijuana users, even though they smoke far less. (reported in NIDA Capsules) 9. Benzopyrene is the chemical in tobacco that causes lung cancer.An average marijuana cigarette contains nearly 50% more benzopyrene than a tobacco cigarette. An average marijuana cigarette contains 30 nanograms of this carcinogen compared to 21 nanograms in an average tobacco cigarette (Marijuana and Health, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine Report, 1982) Benzopyrene suppresses a gene that controls growth of cells. When this gene is damaged the body becomes more susceptible to cancer. This gene is related to half of all human cancers and as many as 70% of lung cancers. 10.Marijuana users may have many of the same respiratory problems that tobacco smokers have, such as chronic bronchitis and inflamed sinuses. (Marijuana Facts: Parents Need to Know, National Institute on Drug Abuse ) 11. Marijuana smokers, when compared to non marijua na smokers, have more respiratory illness. (Polen et al. 1993). 12. Marijuana smoke produces airway injury, acute and chronic bronchitis, lung inflammation, and decreased pulmonary defenses against infection. Smoking one marijuana cigarette leads to air deposition of four times as much cancer-causing tar as does tobacco smoke (Dr.D. Tashkin, Western Journal of Medicine) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EFFECTS 13. Heavy marijuana use can affect hormones in both males and females. Heavy doses of the drugs may delay the onset of puberty in young men. Marijuana also can have adverse effects on sperm production. Among women, regular marijuana use can disrupt the normal monthly menstrual cycle and inhibit the discharge of eggs from the ovaries. (Marijuana Facts: Parents Need to know, National Institute on Drug Abuse) ADVERSE MENTAL EFFECTS 14. An â€Å"amotivational syndrome† can develop in heavy, chronic marijuana users.It is characterized by decreased drive and ambition, shortened attention spa n, poor judgment, high distractibility, impaired communication skills, and diminished effectiveness in interpersonal situations. (National Institute of Drug Abuse) 15. Adults who smoked marijuana daily believed it helped them function better, improved self-awareness and improved relationships with others. However, researchers found that users were more willing to tolerate problems, suggesting that the drug served as a buffer for those who would rather avoid confronting problems than make changes that might increase their satisfaction with life.The study indicated that these subjects used marijuana to avoid dealing with their difficulties and the avoidance inevitably made their problems worse. Although users believed the drug enhanced understanding of themselves, it actually served as a barrier against self-awareness. (case studies by research team from Center for Psychosocial Studies in New York. ) IMMUNE SYSTEM EFFECTS 16. Marijuana and some of its compounds influence the immune sy stem and affect the body's ability to resist viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and decreases the body's anti tumor activities.Marijuana has the potential to alter the backup safeguards of the immune system because it affects diverse types of cells in the body. This could compromise the immune system's ability to screen out cancer cells and eliminate infection. (Dr. Guy A. Cabral, Professor, Medical College of Virginia, speaking at NlDA's National Conference on Marijuana Use: Prevention, Treatment and Research. ) Limitations of Marijuana Research â€Å"Unfortunately, much of what is known about the human pharmacology of smoked marijuana comes from experiments with plant material containing about 2% THC or less, or occasionally up to 4% THC.In addition, human experiments typically are done in laboratory settings where only one or two smoked doses were administered to relatively young, medically screened, healthy male volunteers well experienced with the effects of marijuana. Fem ales rarely participated in past marijuana research because of prohibitions (now removed) against their inclusion. Thus the clinical pharmacology of single or repeated smoked marijuana doses given to older people or to people with serious diseases has hardly been researched at all in a controlled laboratory or clinic setting.Some of the very few reports of experiments that have included older or sicker people, particularly patients less experienced in using marijuana suggest the profile of adverse effects may differ from healthy student volunteers smoking in a laboratory experiment (Hollister, 1986a, 1988a) THC administered alone in its pure form is the most thoroughly research cannabinoid. Much of what has been written has been inferred from the results of experiments using only pure THC.Generally, in experiments actually using marijuana, the assumed dose of marijuana was based only on the concentration of THC in the plant material. The amounts of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids in the plant also vary so that pharmacological interactions modifying the effects THC may occur when marijuana is used instead of pure THC. The result of this research strategy is that a good deal is known about the pharmacology of THC, but experimental confirmation that the pharmacology of a marijuana cigarette is indeed entirely or mainly determined by the amount of THC it contains remains to be completed.The scientific literature contains occasional hints that the pharmacology of pure THC, although similar, is not always the same as the clinical pharmacology of smoked marijuana containing the same amount of THC (Graham 1976, Harvey 1985, Institute of Medicine 1982)† (Report to the Director, National Institutes of Health, by the Ad-Hoc Group of Experts, â€Å"Workshop on the Medical Utility of Marijuana. â€Å")

Gender Issues In Primary Literacy Education Essay

The ‘gender spread ‘ within literacy at Key Stage 2 has late become a greater issue as the under-achievement of male childs within reading and authorship has been highlighted as a cause for concern ( Barrs and Pigeon, 1998 ; Millard, 1997 ; Wood, 2000 ) . As both male and female students are taught in the same manner, it is hence of import to research and discourse the issues which have lead to male childs in the primary school falling behind the misss. The National Literacy Trust ( NLT, 2010 ) has surveyed 17,000 immature people about their reading patterns. The consequences of this survey showed that 39 % of misss admitted to reading every twenty-four hours, compared with 28 % of male childs. Furthermore the survey besides revealed that 19 % of male childs say they merely read in category while merely 11 % of misss agree with this statement, 24 % of male childs think reading is deadening, compared with 13 % of misss and 45 % of misss like traveling to the library, while merely 35 % of male childs do. Such consequences merely serve to corroborate that the disparity in how both genders view themselves as readers, every bit good as the procedure of reading. This is particularly of import as farther NTL surveies have shown that reading frequence is strongly linked to attainment degrees, with 60 % of those who read every twenty-four hours accomplishing above the expected degrees for their age compared with merely 5 % of those who â€Å" ne'er † read accomplishing above the expected degrees. When discoursing the ‘explanations ‘ of low accomplishment degrees of male childs in Literacy at Key Stage 2, we must non merely see formal factors within the school and schoolroom, but besides any cultural and societal influences on the student. To get down it would be prudent to look at what may be considered the most of import factor act uponing an person ‘s literacy pattern, how they see themselves as readers. This is besides known as their ‘reader ego construct ‘ . Henk and Melnick ( 1995 ) believe that persons are influenced by this construct, and the procedure of doing the simple pick of whether reading is worth it. The person, they believe, calculates the attempt that would be needed for the reading undertaking and hence makes a determination on whether reading is to be avoided or non. Further surveies, from Clark and Foster ( 2005 ) , and McKenna et Al ( 1995 ) have found that boys by and large have more negative ego constructs than misss, and hence conclude that boys hold more negative positions towards reading. Such self constructs and position points lead to a low degree of motive towards reading, both within school and at place and may explicate why males are less likely than females to read for pleasance ( Cipielewski & A ; Stanovich, 1992 ; Libsch and Breslow, 1996 ; Logan & A ; Johnston, 2009 ) . There are a figure of research undertakings which suggest that these self concepts vary between the genders due to innate literacy ability. They province misss develop their verbal accomplishments quicker than male childs, and show between the ages of 18 to 24 months to hold superior verbal abilities to male childs ( Galsworthy et al, 2000 ) . In add-on Locke et Al ( 2002 ) found that misss ‘ linguistic communication abilities and non-verbal abilities were significantly better than male childs when come ining into instruction. Therefore, there is grounds that suggests that from the really start of formal schooling there is a little gender spread in literacy. Galsworthy goes on to province that due to these early differences, â€Å" a instruction attack which does non trust to a great extent on verbal accomplishments for word reading may profit male childs. † Coupled with this, Thompson ( 1987 ) believes that grounds shows a difference in schemes in the manner male childs and misss trade with reading. This belief lies in the grounds demoing that male childs and misss learn otherwise, hence, it is of import that there are gender friendly attacks to learning in topographic point in the schoolroom. Johnson and Watson ( 2005 ) conducted research to endorse these claims up, they found that with respects to reading and spelling, a technique concentrating on a ‘systematic man-made phonic ‘ method produced a much more positive response from male childs, whereas, female students performed to a higher criterion when taught with an ‘analytic-phonic attack. ‘ The research above non merely shows that boys learn in a different manner to misss, but besides suggests that they besides enjoy different types of text. Barrs ( 1998 ) , Hall and Coles ( 1997 ) and Moss ( 1999 ) each recommend a alteration in how reading communities are created in school, with the bulk, they all concur, tailored towards the reading manner and penchants of female scholars, whilst male scholars ‘ demands and penchants are grossly underrepresented. They form this sentiment due to school libraries concentrating their attending on fiction and narrative. Whereas, they province, male childs have been shown to prefer non-fiction texts. Furthermore, Millard ( 1997 ) and Probst ( 2003 ) agree suggest that current curricular accent and the text pick of the instructor do non fit the involvement, or the demands of male students. When interviewed about such alterations taking topographic point in primary school throughout the state, National Literacy Trust Director Jonathan Douglas stated in 2010: â€Å" We have late experienced immense success with a undertaking that inspired male childs to read through the exhilaration environing the football World Cup. More things like this must be done to instil a love of reading in male childs, and to alter their negative attitudes. We need to demo boys that reading and composing are ‘cool ‘ and are the first measure on a promising calling way and towards a successful life † A deficiency of apprehension of the issues above has the possible to take to boys avoiding reading. Millard ( 1997 ) , states that these cognitive differences are non the lone issues confronting male childs in footings of under accomplishment in literacy. She emphasizes the importance of reading function theoretical accounts at place and in school, peculiarly as reading is being perceived as a feminine activity due to female members of the household and primary school instructors, of which the bulk are female, supplying the premier support for reading. It would be of import, hence, for both male and female function theoretical accounts within the place or school to demo reading as an gratifying activity and above all else, its utilizations. By witnessing these grownups value reading in this manner the kid can get down to understand that reading is an of import activity. Rasinski and Fredericks ( 1991 ) province that: â€Å" It is important that kids see their parents use reading for a assortment of intents from amusement to keeping a occupation. Parents should demo kids the many ways that they use reading. † The basic undertaking of a parent reading for pleasance, hence, has the possible to act upon the kid ‘s perceptual experience of reading and would accordingly hold an tremendous power and long standing consequence on the kid ‘s educational success. Without being allowed to see reading in such contexts, the value of reading is non appreciated by a bulk male child ( Millard, 1997 ) . Millard ‘s concluded that the sentiment of many of the male childs questioned regarded reading as simply ‘a phase to travel through ‘ , and that one time they had learnt how to read, they could see small ground in go oning to make so. Furthermore, with respects to composing, research by Millard has shown through interviews with instructors that this spread is perceived to widen throughout the primary old ages of instruction. The interviews non merely show that gender differences are prevailing in relation to hapless attitudes towards literacy and usage of linguistic communication etc. But besides show that when discoursing their narratives, instructors report male students as holding ‘good thoughts ‘ , and demoing greater creativeness and imaginativeness than female scholars. Furthermore, Maynard and Lowe ( 1999 ) in their research found that instructors, when interviewed, reported that their male scholars seemed to bask composing activities, whereas their female scholars showed a great involvement and enjoyment at such undertakings. This is reported to be because of the male childs ‘ greater reluctance to compose narratives and their troubles in get bying with the many demands of narrative and f iction authorship. Similarly, Kanaris ( 1999 ) has stated that this is due to the different ways in male and female primary school kids use composing to build significance: â€Å" Girls by and large write longer, more complex texts. They tend to utilize a broad scope of both verbs and adjectives and develop their texts with more focal point on description and amplification. Boys ‘ composing tends to be more ‘event focused ‘ and is much more egoistic. . . ( they are ) less likely than misss to take themselves from the Centre of the action and state their narratives from the point of view of an perceiver. † Kanaris ‘ survey considers that written narratives by male students, hence, deficiency item and description and, like their penchants for reading, tend to concentrate on facts utilizing linguistic communication of ‘cartoons and cartoon strips ‘ instead than the descriptive linguistic communication asked for by the instructor, moreover, male childs were besides identified as less disquieted than the misss about pacifying the instructor with right replies and increased attempt. This peculiar idiosyncrasy was identified by Pollack ( 1998 ) as a ‘suicide cistron ‘ due to the male childs ‘ lassitude towards pacifying the instructor taking to underperformance, and he states that, â€Å" When male childs are non successful in school, their assurance is impairedaˆÂ ¦leaving them more likely to digest disciplinary jobs, be suspended from school or dropping out of school † . These disciplinary jobs are widely discussed within instruction literature as possible causes of male underachievement in literacy. ( Mac and Ghaill, 1994 ; Rudduck et al. , 1995 ; Younger and Warrington, 1996 ; Salisbury and Jackson, 1996 ; Warrington and Younger, 1999 ) The grounds in such studies returns to how male childs see female functions and male functions within society etc. The research workers concur that the impressions of maleness that boys conveying with them to instruction are in direct struggle with the ethos of the school in that they place really small value in the power of authorization. Younger et Al ( 1999 ) and Myhill ( 2000 ) believe that due to these peculiar perceptual experiences that male childs are conveying to school they begin to play up to peer group force per unit area upon image and attitude, impacting motive and committedness towards their work. Such surveies have shown engagement in category have been low, and even demo that some higher accomplishing male childs contribute less constructively than others within schoolroom treatment. Swain ( 2000 ) and Tinklin et Al ( 2001 ) believe that this behavior is an act to build their ain image of maleness within their friendly relationship and equal groups. Furthermore, Younger et Al province that during whole-class treatments whilst their part is less constructive, there is grounds of male childs ruling in the schoolroom. Taking the signifier of naming out more frequently than misss, and therefore are reprimanded more frequently. Whilst such behaviors can be damaging to their ain accomplishment in literacy, as being reprimanded can take to a bead in motive as antecedently discussed, this peculiar signifier of schoolroom behavior is besides to the hurt of misss. Their reaction to boys ‘ laterality in category room treatment has resulted in lowered outlooks and poorer attitudes towards acquisition ( Howe, 1997 ) . Hey et Al. ( 2000 ) conducted interviews with primary school kids in order to look into why such behavior from the ‘higher ability ‘ students is go oning. The students frequently admitted to experiencing like they have to feign non to be interested in work as an effort to maintain their topographic point in the hierarchy within the schoolroom. With this in head coupled with research from Van Der Gaer et Al ( 2009 ) in which they studied enjoyment of work and the consequences achieved in specific topics within school. Whilst they agree that misss seem to bask literacy more, and are more occupied in the exercisings, when taken this difference in gender into history the consequences acquired by the students did n't demo as bigger disparity between male childs and misss as might be expected. They hence believe that any gender spread in attainment is non down to ability, but largely down to engagement in the topics. It is interesting to observe at this point that research show s whilst male childs are fighting within a topic that is perceived as ideally suited towards female scholars the spread appears in topics in which are seen traditionally as male, such as scientific discipline and maths ( Millard, 1997 ) . Following on from Van Der Gaer et Al, Mead ( 2006 ) published a paper that stated that the overall accomplishment of male child has been increasing, and are now executing at a degree every bit high as it has of all time been. The job is, they believe, that misss are excessively executing at their highest degrees of all time. Research such as this, hence, suggests that it is non a instance of male childs underachieving in footings of what is expected of them, as they are deriving the highest Markss that they of all time have. It ‘s more a instance of misss within literacy executing above outlooks. When nearing the instruction of literacy within the schoolroom, the above issues need to be considered in order to efficaciously include both genders within the topic. Initially within the schoolroom, I would work towards bettering male childs ‘ accomplishment within literacy through the debut of stuff deemed appropriate to the acquisition manners of male scholars, whilst still leting for female students to be taught in a manner that suits their learning/reading manners ( Millard, 1997 ; Probst, 2003 ; Johnson and Watson, 2005 ) . With respects to reading, some suggestions to make this include reading fiction based on subject that stereotypically involvement male childs such as football based fiction or music etc. If utilizing this technique within my schoolroom, it is imperative to let scholars the chance to choose books that they would wish to read this will guarantee that the high degrees of accomplishment by female students will go on, whilst leting the male students to acc omplish higher as Former Secretary of State for Education and Skills, Charles Clarke, wrote in the Excellence and Enjoyment Strategy ( 2004 ) , â€Å" What makes good primary instruction great is the merger of excellence and enjoyment. Children learn better when they are excited and engaged – but what excites them and engages them best is genuinely first-class instruction, which challenges them and shows them what they can make. † Through the execution of such instruction attacks would besides assist further issues within the gender spread in literacy, viz. that of male motive towards reading and school. As discussed antecedently, a deficiency of male function theoretical accounts towards reading has led to male students making the sentiment that reading is slightly a female activity which is non of import for accomplishment ( Millard, 1997 ) . As a male instructor it is my function to move as a good function theoretical account for male scholars in order to demo good pattern of reading and its utilizations etc. Furthermore, the reading and grounds suggesting that parental engagement in reading is of import would besides act upon my instruction of kids both in and out of the schoolroom. Due to research saying the importance of parental engagement towards reading and composing, I would promote parents of my students to go more active towards literacy outside of the schoolroom and school environment. This nevertheless, might be hard to implement as Toomey ( 1993 ) found in research of over 40 households really resulted in no major difference in attainment being recorded. It would hence be appropriate to develop and develop the parents ‘ accomplishments at easing their kid ‘s literacy accomplishments, instead than merely simply inquiring them to ‘listen ‘ to their kid ‘s reading, with no scheme to work from ( Hayden, 1995 ) . Whilst looking at the benefits of being a male instructor and that going a good function theoretical account to boys within the primary school, every bit good as all other scholars, such a duty can assist move as a hindrance towards a deficiency of constructive engagement in the schoolroom and a bead in acceptable behavior of male childs in school. Swain ( 2000 ) and Tinklin et Al ( 2001 ) province that such behavior is an effort to build an image of maleness within equal groups, nevertheless, by developing my attack to learning it is possible to project a masculine character whilst besides being interested in larning ( Hey et al. , 2000 ; Younger et Al, 1999 ; Myhill, 2000 ) , moreover, Larsen-Freeman ( 2000 ) province that this attack would be successful as larning becomes even more effectual due to it being â€Å" facilitated in a cheerful environment † , whilst enthusiasm has been identified as a outstanding instructor behavior that affects pupil acquisition ( Carlise & A ; Phillips, 1984 ) . Finally, within the schoolroom I would be cognizant of the differences between male and female scholars with respects to larning manners. As discussed, Gipps ( 1996 ) and Warrington and Younger ( 2000 ) province that female students have a more co-operative manner to larning and as such are more likely to join forces with each other taking to a much more successful clip within instruction. Whilst boys it is believed ( Hey ey Al, 2001 ) have a wholly unaware of the benefits that speaking and sharing has towards larning. Therefore, a seating agreement that encourages the communicating between the genders may be appropriate in order to assist promote both genders learn from each other and develop larning manners from their equals ( Vygotsky, 1978 ; Bennett & A ; Dunne, 1992 ) .